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## Index: L

la function: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
lambda statement (Python): 42.3.2. Functions
lambda statements (Python), as function arguments: 42.3.2. Functions
last access time for files: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
  deleting files by: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
last line of a file (ed and sed), referring to with $: 32.5. Regular Expressions: The Anchor Characters ^ and $
last modification time for files: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
  8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
  (see also timestamps)
last operator (Perl): 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
lastcomm command: 26.3. What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?
  piping output or redirecting to a file: 26.3. What Commands Are Running and How Long Do They Take?
LATEX: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
Layer 3 Internet Protocol (IP): 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports
Layer 4 protocols: 46.1. TCP/IP — IP Addresses and Ports
  46.1.2. Layer 4 Protocols: TCP, UDP, and ICMP
lc operator: 41.5.1. Scalars
LDAP server for system passwords: 47.3. Securing Samba
leave function: 4.11. Right-Side Prompts
length command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
lensort script: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length
less command
  highlighting matched patterns: 13.16. A Highlighting grep
  zless, for compressed files: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space
less program: 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
  12.3. "less" is More
  12.3. "less" is More
  -N option, numbering lines with: 12.13. Numbering Lines
  -s option for squashing extra blank lines: 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines
  PAGER environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
  piping ls command output to: 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
  piping to: 43.4. Problems Piping to a Pager
less than (<) operator: 36.21.1. Syntax
  41.5.1. Scalars
less than or equal to (<=) operator: 41.5.1. Scalars
lesskey program: 12.3. "less" is More
letter-sized pages: 45.7. Formatting Plain Text: enscript
letters, ASCII class for: 5.14. Defining What Makes Up a Word for Selection Purposes
lexical analyzer (lex): 16.8. Looking for Closure
lf function: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
  29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
/lib directory: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
libraries
  Perl modules, using in scripts: 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy
  shell functions: 35.30. Using Shell Functions in Shell Scripts
licenses
  Citrix: 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser
  Microsoft, in a WTS environment: 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser
lightweight varieties of Unix: 1.3. The Core of Unix
limit and ulimit system calls: 15.5.1. limit and ulimit
line #: ;; unexpected error: 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
line-by-line and search using sed, awk, or perl: 13.10. Compound Searches
line command: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
line commands in vi: 17.26. vi Line Commands Versus Character Commands
line editors (see batch editing)
line function: 35.18. read: Reading from the Keyboard
line numbers
  resetting: 37.1.5. Line Numbers Reset Inside Redirected Loops
  in sed addresses: 34.5. sed Addressing Basics
line termination characters (see newlines)
line termination in Python: 42.3.1. Indentation
linefeeds (Unix), ASCII character for: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
lines
  addressing for batch editing: 20.3. Line Addressing
  comparing for uniqueness: 21.20. What Is (or Isn't) Unique?
  counting with wc command: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
  deleting duplicate, Perl script, using: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length
  deleting duplicates: 22.6.1. Dealing with Repeated Lines
  deleting in Emacs: 19.1. Emacs: The Other Editor
  joining with join command: 21.19. Joining Lines with join
  macro for wrapping in vi editor: 18.13. vi Macro for Splitting Long Lines
  numbering in file printout: 12.13. Numbering Lines
  sorting by length: 22.7. lensort: Sort Lines by Length
LINES and COLUMNS environment variables: 3.16. Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size
  resizing/resetting for windows: 5.5. Querying Your xterm Size: resize
lines of text retained by scrollbar: 5.12. How Many Lines to Save?
Lingua::EN::NameParse Perl module: 22.8. Sorting a List of People by Last Name
link count: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
linking files: 10.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files
  10.3. Files with Two or More Names
  creating and removing links: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
  directories, linking: 10.7. Linking Directories
  directory, links to: 10.4.2. Links to a Directory
  filenames for symbolic links, showing: 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links
  hard links: 10.4. More About Links
  hard links vs. symbolic links: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
  reasons for: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
  symbolic links: 10.4. More About Links
    stale: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links
linkname, ln command and: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
links
  -links operator (find command): 9.5. Searching for Old Files
  copying: 10.12. Copying Directory Trees with cp -r
  disk space and: 15.4. Save Space with a Link
  to .exrc files: 17.5. Local Settings for vi
  to filenames: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names
    36.8. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program
  to files, inodes and: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
  hard links, finding to files: 9.24. Finding the (Hard) Links to a File
  optimizing disk space with: 15.4. Save Space with a Link
  to programs: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names
    36.8. Save Disk Space and Programming: Multiple Names for a Program
  tar -l command, printing messages about hard links: 15.7. Save Space: tar and compress a Directory Tree
  unlinking in Perl: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
Linux: 1.1. What's Special About Unix?
  1.3. The Core of Unix
  adding users to system: 49.2. When Does a User Become a User
  automount daemons and devfsd for removable media: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
  backups to a local device: 38.5. How to Make Backups to a Local Device
    compression, advantages/disadvantages of: 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?
    deciding what to back up: 38.5.1. What to Back Up
    floppies or zip disks: 38.5.3. Backing Up to Floppies or Zip Disks
    tape: 38.5.2. Backing Up to Tape
    utilities for: 38.5.4. To gzip, or Not to gzip?
  bash shell: 1.6. There Are Many Shells
  color names, displaying with GNU ls command: 8.6. Color ls
  Debian Linux
    apt-get tool: 40.6. Installing Software with Debian's Apt-Get
    dselect tool for accessing dpkg installation package: 40.5. Using Debian's dselect
    kernel boot output for devices: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output
    single-user mode: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password
  devices on PCIbus, showing: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output
  disk partitions: 44.4. Disk Partitioning
  displaying latest entries from kernel ring buffer: 12.8. How to Look at the End of a File: tail
  enabling gatewaying: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
  groups, changing primary with newgrp: 49.6. Groups and Group Ownership
  HOWTO for kernel configuration: 44.3. Basic Kernel Configuration
  HOWTO for serial consoles: 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine — Serial Consoles
  HZ constant for system time updates: 37.6. How Unix Keeps Time
  ifconfig file output: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
  info command: 2.9. The info Command
  installing software with RPM: 40.11. Finding and Installing RPM Packaged Software
  IP masquerading: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
  ipconfig and route files (2.4 kernels): 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
  listing all processes running on: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons
  loadkeys command: 5.8. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
    6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap
    system-level changes to key mappings: 6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap
  mounting SMB drives onto their local filesystems with smbmnt: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
  netstart, displaying routing information with: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
  nvi-1.79 editor, locking files before editing: 36.27. Shell Lockfile
  OpenSSH: 51.3. Free SSH with OpenSSH
  port, testing for: 3.13. Terminal Setup: Testing Port
  /proc filesystem: 48.9. The Linux proc Filesystem
  Python, inclusion of: 42.2. Installation and Distutils
  Red Hat and Debian, shortcut to creating periodic processes: 25.2.2. A Little Help, etc.
  Red Hat Linux
    adduser (or useradd) utility: 49.2. When Does a User Become a User
    /contrib directory, sshd.pam file: 51.5. General and Authentication Problems
    Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), support of: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
    installing chroot with anonftp-* (RPM): 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
    performance issues, shell as interpreter: 36.3. Don't Need a Shell for Your Script? Don't Use One
    /proc filesystem (in Version 6.2): 24.9. The /proc Filesystem
    single user mode, accessing: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password
  route command: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
  security, web site information on: 48.3. Keeping Up with Security Alerts
  signal 15 (termination): 23.3. Using jobs Effectively
  sound card configuration: 44.13. Dealing with Sound Cards and Other Annoying Hardware
  TCP wrappers: 48.12. TCP Wrappers
  USB devices on: 44.12. USB Configuration
  virtual consoles: 4.12. Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL
    23.12. Linux Virtual Consoles
    switching between: 5.1. There's a Lot to Know About Terminals
    tty-type, scrolling, and copy and paste operations: 23.12.2. Scrolling, Using a Mouse
  virtual machine running Windows: 47.8.1. VMWare
LISP programming language
  Emacs customization: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
lists: 41.5.2. Arrays
  references to: 41.5.4. References
ln command: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
  -s option: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links
  s option: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
lndir program: 10.7. Linking Directories
load averages, system: 26.4. Checking System Load: uptime
load option (xrdb): 6.8. Setting Resources with xrdb
loadkeys command: 6.1. Defining Keys and Button Presses with xmodmap
local command: 29.11.3. Setting Current Shell Environment: The work Function
local crontab entries: 25.3. Adding crontab Entries
local dictionary files: 16.1. The Unix spell Command
local programs: 10.7. Linking Directories
LOCAL_OPTIONS option (zsh): 29.12. Shell Function Specifics
locate command: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
  database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
  shell wildcards, matching: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database
  updating database for: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
lockfiles, creating: 36.27. Shell Lockfile
locking files (RCS): 39.5. RCS Basics
log command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
log-file-monitoring programs
  tail -f: 12.10. How to Look at Files as They Grow
log files
  CVS: 39.7. CVS Basics
  CVS, examining for conflicting changes: 39.8. More CVS
  disk space and: 15.3. Save Space with "Bit Bucket" Log Files and Mailboxes
  global alias for in zsh: 29.6. zsh Aliases
  monitoring with tail -f: 12.11. GNU tail File Following
  smb.conf, settings for: 47.2. Installing and Configuring Samba
LOGDIR environment variable: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
logging in: 24.2. fork and exec
  changing login sequence: 3.10. Automatic Setups for Different Terminals
logging out
  background processes in Bourne shells, avoiding termination of: 23.4. Some Gotchas with Job Control
  by killing user's login shell: 24.12. Destroying Processes with kill
logging (xterm), elimination for security reasons: 5.17. The xterm Menus
logical expressions, evaluating: 9.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
logical operators: 36.21.1. Syntax
login command: 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable
.login file: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
  3.4.1. Login Shells
  interactive C shells and: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
  SHLVL variable, resetting: 4.12. Show Subshell Level with $SHLVL
  TERM environment variable, testing: 3.11. Terminal Setup: Testing TERM
  terminal type, setting with qterm: 5.4. Querying Your Terminal Type: qterm
login shells: 3.1. What Happens When You Log In
  3.4. Login Shells, Interactive Shells
  3.19. Making a "Login" Shell
  bash: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
  C shell, setting up: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
  command search table, resetting for scripts: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
  killing: 24.12. Destroying Processes with kill
  Korn shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
  setup files: 3.4.1. Login Shells
  setup files, contents of: 3.5. What Goes in Shell Setup Files?
  SHELL environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
  xterm or rxvt, running on: 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts
  zsh shell, setting up: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
login(l) command, system-wide setup: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
logins
  disabling: 49.13. Disable logins
  external root login access: 49.10. Never Log In as root
  interactive
    starting remote X clients from: 6.10.1. Starting Remote X Clients from Interactive Logins
  procedure for terminals (non-network): 24.2. fork and exec
  remote
    stopping sessions: 23.13. Stopping Remote Login Sessions
  root: 4.10. Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts
  shells disallowing: 3.1. What Happens When You Log In
  terminal hangs during: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
loginsh variable (tcsh shell): 3.4.1. Login Shells
loginshell variable, setting: 3.4.1. Login Shells
LOGNAME environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
logout command (C shell): 35.6. The PATH Environment Variable
.logout file
  reading when last top-level shell exits: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
  running commands when logging out: 4.17. Running Commands When You Log Out
.logout file (C shell): 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
logout files, creating for Bourne and Korn shells: 4.18. Running Commands at Bourne/Korn Shell Logout
logouts
  accidental, from Bourne shells: 4.19. Stop Accidental Bourne-Shell Logouts
  bash shell: 3.3. Shell Setup Files — Which, Where, and Why
long listing (-l option): 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
long listing, ls -l command: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
look command: 13.14. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"
  16.3. How Do I Spell That Word?
  df options: 16.3. How Do I Spell That Word?
lookfor shell script: 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?
loopback mounts: 44.7. Loopback Mounts
loops: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
  alias definition: 29.8. Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops
  basename and dirname used with: 36.13.2. Use with Loops
  controlling with break and continue: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
    35.23. Loop Control: break and continue
  endless: 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
  exit status of: 36.14. A while Loop with Several Loop Control Commands
  for loops in Bourne-type shells, repeating commands with: 28.9.2. A for Loop
  foreach loops, repeating commands with variations: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
  if-then-else, putting in C shell aliases: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
  iterating through arrays: 41.5.2. Arrays
  parameters for: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
  in Perl scripts: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
    flow-control operators: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
  redirected input/output, line numbers reset in: 37.1.5. Line Numbers Reset Inside Redirected Loops
  running command and testing exit status: 35.15. Loops That Test Exit Status
  in shell functions: 29.11.2. Functions with Loops: Internet Lookup
loosely typed language: 41.5. Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types
lp command: 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands
  LPDEST environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
lpc commands: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc
  exit: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc
  help: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc
  restart: 45.3. Printer Control with lpc
  status: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands
lpd daemon: 45.8. Printing Over a Network
  filter scripts: 45.17. Converting Source Files Automagically Within the Spooler
  running files through filter: 45.9.2. Printing to Windows Printers from Unix
LPDEST environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
lpq command: 24.13. Printer Queue Watcher: A Restartable Daemon Shell Script
lpr command: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands
  for loop, using with: 28.13. Here Document Example #1: Unformatted Form Letters
  PRINTER environment variable: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
  printing 10 file copies, shortcut for: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
lprm command: 45.2.1. lpr-Style Printing Commands
lpstat command: 45.2.2. lp-Style Printing Commands
lr alias: 8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files
ls command: 1.9. Internal and External Commands
  -- color option: 8.6. Color ls
  -A option: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a
    filenames beginning with . (dot): 14.16. Problems Deleting Directories
  -b option
    listing filenames with nonASCII characters: 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
    printing octal values of nonprinting characters: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
  -c option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
  -C option (output in columns): 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
  -d option (listing directories): 8.5. The ls -d Option
  -F (tcsh built-in): 8.6. Color ls
    8.6.2. Configuring It
  -i option: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
  -il option: 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find
  -l option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
    14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
    character count for files: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
    checking startup files for ownership: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
    file permissions and: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
    file permissions, listing: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World
      50.11. Juggling Permissions
    listing files by last modification time: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
  -lai option: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
  -lg option: 50.11. Juggling Permissions
  -q option
    converting nonprinting characters to ?: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
    nonASCII characters: 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
  -Q (quoting) option: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
  -R option (listing subdirectories): 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
  -s option: 9.14. Searching for Files by Size
  -t option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
  -u option: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
  aa option: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a
  aliases for: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
    -C option: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
    -F option with: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
    -la (for ls -a or -A): 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
    ll (for ls -l): 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
    lr: 8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files
  color, displaying names in: 8.6. Color ls
    -G option: 8.6.4. Another color ls
  filenames and: 1.13. Wildcards
  find command, using with: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  GNU: 8.7. Some GNU ls Features
  piping output to wc command: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
  shell functions with options: 29.11.1. Simple Functions: ls with Options
  System V Unix, nonprinting characters and: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
ls flag (for login shell): 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts
-ls operator (find command): 9.13. Searching for Files by Type
LS_COLORS environment variable: 8.6.2. Configuring It
  35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
  setting with dircolors command: 8.6.2. Configuring It
lt operator (Perl): 41.5.1. Scalars
LyX editor: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On

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