# Chapter 43. Redirecting Input and Output

#### Contents:

Using Standard Input and Output
One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough
Send (Only) Standard Error Down a Pipe
Problems Piping to a Pager
Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?
Safe I/O Redirection with noclobber
The ( ) Subshell Operators
Send Output Two or More Places
How to tee Several Commands into One Place
Redirecting Output to More Than One Place
Named Pipes: FIFOs
What Can You Do with an Empty File?

## 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output

There is basically no difference between reading data from a file and reading data from a terminal.[127] Likewise, if a program's output consists entirely of alphanumeric characters and punctuation, there is no difference between writing to a file, writing to a terminal, and writing to the input of another program (as in a pipe).

> [127]If a program's input consists entirely of alphanumeric characters and punctuation (i.e., ASCII data or international (non-English) characters).

The standard I/O facility provides some simple defaults for managing input/output. There are three default I/O streams: standard input, standard output, and standard error. By convention, standard output (abbreviated stdout) consists of all "normal" output from your program, while standard error (stderr) consists of error messages. It is often a convenience to be able to handle error messages and standard output separately. If you don't do anything special, programs will read standard input from your keyboard, and they will send standard output and standard error to your terminal's display.

Standard input (stdin) normally comes from your keyboard. Many programs ignore stdin; you name files directly on their command line -- for instance, the command cat file1 file2 never reads its standard input; it reads the files directly. But without filenames on the command line, Unix commands that need input will usually read stdin. Standard input normally comes from your keyboard, but the shell can redirect stdin from a file. This is handy for Unix commands that can't open files directly -- for instance, mail (Section 1.21). To mail a file to joan, use `<` `filename` -- to tell the shell to attach the file, instead of your keyboard, to mail's standard input:

>     % mail joan < myfile

The real virtue of standard I/O is that it allows you to redirect input or output away from your terminal to a file. As we said, Unix is file-based (Section 1.19). Because terminals and other I/O devices are treated as files, a program doesn't even need to know[128] if it is sending its output to a terminal or to a file. For example, if you want to run the command cat file1 file2, but you want to place the output in file3 rather than sending it to your terminal, give the command:

> [128]But it can find out.

>     % cat file1 file2 > file3

This is called redirecting standard output to file3. If you give this command and look at file3 afterward, you will find the contents of file1, followed by the contents of file2 -- exactly what you would have seen on your screen if you omitted the `> file3` modifier. (The Z shell takes this further with multiple-file redirection.)

One of the best-known forms of redirection in Unix is the pipe. The shell's vertical bar (`|`) operator makes a pipe. For example, to send both file1 and file2 together in a mail message for joan, type:

>     % cat file1 file2 | mail joan

The pipe says, "Connect the standard output of the process at the left (`cat`) to the standard input of the process at the right (`mail`)."

Section 36.15 has diagrams and more information about standard I/O and redirection. Table 43-1 shows the most common ways of redirecting standard I/O, for both the C shell and the Bourne shell, which also apply to derivatives like tcsh and bash.

#### Table 43-1. Common standard I/O redirections

Function | csh | sh
--- | --- | ---
Send stdout to file | `prog >` `file` | `prog >` `file`
Send stderr to file |  | `prog 2 >` `file`
Send stdout and stderr to file | `prog >&` `file` | `prog >` `file` `2>&1`
Take stdin from file | `prog <` `file` | `prog <` `file`
Send stdout to end of file | `prog >>` `file` | `prog >>` `file`
Send stderr to end of file |  | `prog 2 >>` `file`
Send stdout and stderr to end of file | `prog >>&` `file` | `prog >>` `file` `2>&1`
Read stdin from keyboard until c (see Section 27.16) | `prog <<` `c` | `prog <<` `c`
Pipe stdout to prog2 | `prog | prog2` | `prog | prog2`
Pipe stdout and stderr to prog2 | `prog |& prog2` | `prog 2>&1 | prog2`

Be aware that:

- While standard I/O is a basic feature of Unix, the syntax used to redirect standard I/O depends on the shell you are using. Bourne shell syntax and C shell syntax differ, particularly when you get into the less commonly used features. The Korn shell and bash are the same as the Bourne shell, but with a few twists of their own. The Z shell generally understands both syntaxes (and, in its usual manner, adds even more).

- You can redirect standard input and standard output in the same command line. For example, to read from the file input and write to the file output, give the command:

  >     % prog < input > output

  The Bourne shell will let you go further and write stderr to a third file:

  >     $ prog < input > output 2> errors

- The C shell doesn't give you an easy way to redirect standard output without redirecting standard error. A simple trick will help you do this. To put standard output and standard error in different files, give a command like:

  >     % ( prog > output ) >& errors

  We'll discuss commands like this in Section 43.3 and Section 43.5.

- Many implementations of both shells don't care what order the redirections appear in, or even where they appear on the command line. For example, SunOS lets you type `<` `input` `>` `output` `prog`. However, clarity is a virtue that computer users have never appreciated enough. It will be easiest to understand what you are doing if you type the command name first -- then redirect standard input, followed by standard output, followed by standard error.

There are some more complex forms of standard I/O redirection, particularly for the Bourne shell (Section 36.16).

Of course, programs aren't restricted to standard I/O. They can open other files, define their own special-purpose pipes, and write directly to the terminal. But standard I/O is the glue that allows you to make big programs out of smaller ones, and it is therefore a crucial part of the operating system. Most Unix utilities read their data from standard input and write their output to standard output, allowing you to combine them easily. A program that creates its own special-purpose pipe may be very useful, but it cannot be used in combination with standard utilities.

Many Unix systems, and utilities such as gawk (Section 20.11), support special filenames like /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr.[129] You can use these just as you'd use other files. For instance, to have any ordinary command read from the file afile, then standard input (from the keyboard, for example), then the file bfile:

> [129]On Linux, at least, those are symbolic links (Section 10.4) to /proc/self/fd/0, /proc/self/fd/1, and /proc/self/fd/2, respectively.

>     % somecmd afile /dev/stdin bfile

In the same way, a process can write to its standard output through /dev/stdout and the standard error via /dev/stderr.

Because reading from standard input and standard output is so common, there is a more general convention for redirecting to these two devices: using `-` where a program expects a filename. If the program was expecting the name of an input file, it will read from standard input instead. If it was expecting an output file, it will write to standard output. A very common place this is seen is in the unpacking of tar gzipped archives:

>     $ gzip -dc filename.tar.gz | tar -xvf -

Here, the `-c` flag tells gzip to stream the uncompressed file to standard output, which is then piped to tar. The `-f` flag of tar is used to specify the source tar file, which, because of the `-`, is standard input.

--ML and JP

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